•■„ 



/ 

SYNOPSIS 



PHEENOLOGY; 



DIRECTED CHIEFLY TO THE EXHIBITION OF THE 



UTILITY AND APPLICATION OF THE SCIENCE 



TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF 



SOCIAL HAPPINESS 



WITH TWO PLATES. 



BY JOSHUA TOULMIN SMITH, 

AUTHOR OF " PROGRESS OF PHILOSOPHY AMONG THE ANCIENTS," 

INTRODUCTION TO THE LATIN LANGUAGE," "PHRENOLOGY VINDICATED, 

." REASONABLENESS OF PHRENOLOGY," ETC. 



^BOSTON: 

0|EPH H. FRANCIS, 

128 Washington Street. 

1838. 



BF 879 
.S65 
Copy 1 




J. T.S. <U. 



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SYNOPSIS 



^~-^ /*/ 



OF 



PHRENOLOGY; 



DIRECTED CHIEFLY TO THE EXHIBITION OF THE 






UTILITY AND APPLICATION OF THE SCIENCE 



TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF 



SOCIAL HAPPINESS 






WITH TWO PLATES. 



BY JOSHUA TOULMIN SMITH, 

$ r 

AUTHOR OF " PROGRESS OF PHILOSOPHY AMONG THE ANCIENTS," 

"INTRODUCTION TO THE LATIN LANGUAGE," "PHRENOLOGY VINDICATED," 

"REASONABLENESS OF PHRENOLOGY," ETC. 



JBOSTON: 
JOSEPH H. FRANCIS 

128 Washington Street. 

1838. 











s#* 



Entered, according to an Act of Congress, in the year 1838, by 

JOSHUA TOULMIN SMITH, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts. 



3 fAi^ 



Marden & Kimball, Printers, 

No. 3 School Street. 



/ — ^ I*=4 



PREFACE. 



The following pages are intended to contain a synopsis of the most 
important principles embraced within the science of Phrenology. 
They are more especially directed to exhibit the practical utility and 
importance of the subject. 

The views contained in these pages are all of them based solely upon 
investigations of, and reflections upon the facts of Nature. To this 
subject the author's attention has been long and earnestly directed — 
believing, as he does, that it is capable of unfolding truths of the 
highest importance to the welfare of mankind. 

The views, to which allusion has been made, have reference 
principally to the more careful examination of facts of nature hith- 
erto observed, but observed without all the care and attention of 
which they were deserving ; and also to the philosophical bearing 
of these facts of nature on man's condition. 

The author has no hesitation in asserting, from the experience of 
all those to whom his views have been fully unfolded, that the classi- 
fication of the faculties and other points here opened, will be found to 
facilitate the study of Phrenology to a very great extent. 

Although these views have not hitherto been published, they 
have, many of them, been expressed by the author in lectures, in 
different parts of this country for some length of time. 

He would not now have published them, diffident as he must be 
of their reception where many of them differ so widely from those 
commonly received, had he not been frequently urged by those to 



whom he had lectured to present them with his views in some tan- 
gible form ; and were he not convinced of their general practical 
importance. 

The author is compelled throughout, in justice to himself, to make 
reference to a volume now in preparation, in which the reasons of 
all the views here stated, and the course of investigation which has 
led to their adoption, will be stated. Since the price of that work 
will necessarily be considerable, it has been his endeavor to make 
the contents of this work as comprehensive as possible. 

A marked cast has been prepared by the author to assist the stu- 
dent. It is painted in accordance with the classification here laid 
down. It will be found eminently useful in learning the faculties 
and their groupings. It may be had of the publishers, either with 
or without this work. 

To render Phrenology useful, and to render that utility and the 
mode of its application obvious, has been the author's object. In that 
he trusts he may not have been totally unsuccessful. 



SYNOPSIS OF PHRENOLOGY. 



Introduction. 



Man's whole consciousness consists in the experience of facts ex- 
isting in the external world, or in the performance of actions affecting 
different objects in that external world. All knowledge of that ex- 
ternal world — in other terms, of nature — must then be useful to 
man, as enabling him the better to understand that, in some relation 
or other to which his whole existence is passed. 

Phrenology is the exposition of one portion of the facts of nature. 
In so far only as it is an exposition of the facts of nature can it be 
true. In so far as it is an exposition of the facts of nature it must 
be useful. 

The only object which any individual ought to have in view in 
learning Phrenology, is to understand how it may be usefully applied, 
and so usefully to apply it to the advancement, not only of his own 
individual happiness, but of the happiness of all those with whom he 
has any intercourse in society. Phrenology is capable of being most 
usefully applied in both of these ways. 

In learning and studying Phrenology, therefore, you should learn 
and study it, not for its own sake, but for the sake of its usefulness in 
making you a happier man, and enabling you to make your fellow- 
creatures happier, so far as your influence over their welfare may 
extend. 

But in order to know how it is useful, you must first know what 
it is. You must never think that Phrenology consists in feeling 
heads. Those who go about feeling heads and teaching that this is 
Phrenology, only abuse the science just as the jugglers and moun- 
tebanks abuse the sciences of chemistry, mechanics, &c. 

It is the object of these pages very briefly to shew — what 



6 

Phrenology is ; and, in addition to this, as briefly to allude to the 
manner in which it must be applied in order to render it useful. 
But as these pages are intended principally as an assistant to the 
memory in recollecting some of the essential points necessary to be 
borne in mind continually, in order to make the subject useful, there 
will not be space here either to prove in detail the truth of the 
various statements which will be made, or to enter in detail into the 
means by which the knowledge thus gained may be made useful. 
These points it is my intention to discuss at full length in a much 
larger work now in preparation, and which will shortly be published 
on this subject. What will here be stated, therefore, will be the 
results of detailed investigations and not those investigations them- 
selves. The knowledge of these results is of the greatest importance 
to the learner, in order to give him a definite idea of the subject he 
is pursuing ; a synopsis of them must also be always useful to the 
more advanced student as an assistant to his further researches. 

What Phrenology is. 

Phrenology is an exposition of the relation in which the faculties 
and impulses of the mind stand to certain physical phenomena. 
That is, it gives an account of the condition in which that portion of 
man's body, without which his mind cannot exhibit its powers, must 
always exist under each separate condition or mode of mental activ- 
ity. Phrenology also teaches what the distinct faculties of the mind 
are ; that is, it teaches by what means we gain a knowledge of the 
objects in the external world, and by what means we are impelled to 
every variety of action. 

That Phrenology is important and useful. 

All men's lives consist of nothing else but knowledge gained of 
the nature and qualities of the different objects by which they are 
surrounded ; and of actions performed by themselves upon those sur- 
rounding objects. 

No man can know anything in any degree further than the Cre- 
ator has given him powers to understand or know it ; and no man 
can perform any action in any way different from the impulses exist- 
ing within him at the moment prompting him to action. 

As long as in one man, or in a number of men, the powers 
of understanding remain the same, and the impulses or motives 
to action remain the same, the attainment of a knowledge of the 
external world, and the actions performed, whether by the indi- 
vidual or by the number of individuals, will remain the same. 



There will neither be an advance nor a retrogression in knowl- 
edge or condition. 

In order to increase the power of attaining a knowledge of the 
objects of the external world, and in order to change the direction of 
the actions — and thus to cause the individual or the number to 
advance in knowledge and in the good direction or virtuous and 
happy tendency of their actions — it is necessary to direct in the 
best manner the activity of those powers given to us to enable us to 
understand the nature of surrounding objects, and also the activity 
of those impulses or motives by which we are induced to action. 

But in order to be able to direct either of them in any definite or 
accurate manner, we must first know what those understanding and 
impelling powers are which we would thus direct. 

Neither of these two classes of powers ever has been or ever can 
be seen to exist or be exhibited without the existence at the same 
time of some physical or bodily circumstances or conditions peculiar 
to it. In order, therefore, to ascertain what these powers, of either 
class, are, we must carefully observe those peculiar bodily or 
physical circumstances or conditions which invariably accompany 
the manifestation or activity of each of the powers contained within 
each of these two classes. 

This had never been done before the time of Dr. Gall, who 
was the first man who carefully observed the distinct physical condi- 
tions accompanying every distinct exhibition of mental power, and 
was thus, by long continued and careful observation, enabled to dis- 
cover what each distinct mental power is ; both of those by means of 
which man obtains a knowledge of the nature of external objects, 
and of those by which he is impelled to the performance of every 
variety of action. 

Phrenology, then — which is the name given to the mass of discov- 
eries made by Dr. Gall — is of the utmost importance, since by 
means of it we learn what the distinct powers are, both of attaining 
Jcnoivledge and of impelling to action. 

To Dr. Gall, as the discoverer of these facts — which, however, 
had existed in nature ever since man's creation — we owe then an 
immense debt of gratitude for his unwearied and long-continued ex- 
ertions and observations. 

Dr. Gall likewise observed another set of facts, without which the 
observation of the former would have been of much less importance. 
He observed the mode in which these physical circumstances or con- 
ditions may be modified or regulated by the efforts of man, and thus 



8 

how the direction or degree of exercise of the powers of the two 
classes mentioned above may be likewise modified or regulated. 

This was an invaluable mass of observations. Since his time 
other facts of the same nature have been observed, which will be 
fully examined and explained in the work in preparation to which 
allusion has been already made. 

Phrenology, then, contains a most important, valuable and useful 
mass of facts. 

What distinct subjects of enquiry should be embraced under the gen- 
eral consideration of the subject of Phrenology. 

Nothing is more essential in attaining a knowledge of, or accurate 
and definite ideas on any subject, than that the different topics to 
be considered should be clearly and methodically arranged ; that 
each point of knowledge gained should act as a stepping-stone to 
the attainment of the next. Phrenology has hitherto been taught in 
all its branches with too little attention to this rule. My endeavor 
will be to render the attainment of a knowledge of the true princi- 
ples of the science more easy, and also the knowledge gained more 
clear and definite, by the strict adherence to this rule. 

To this end, I divide the subject in general into three distinct 
topics of consideration which seem to present themselves in a natural 
order. 

The First branch of the subject — and it is one which ought to 
be examined by every person who wishes really to understand either 
the principles of Phrenology or the means of its useful application — 
comprises a view, and demonstration of the truth of, those funda- 
mental principles upon the truth of which the whole science depends. 
In other words, this division embraces a view of certain particular 
facts observed to exist with reference to certain particular objects 
throughout the whole of creation. If these facts do exist, Phrenology 
is true ; if they do not exist, Phrenology is false. The object of this 
division of the subject is to prove that they do exist. 

The Second branch of the subject comprises a view of all the 
mental faculties or powers of man of each of the two classes before 
mentioned, namely, those by which a knowledge is gained of the ob- 
jects in nature, and those by which man is impelled to every variety 
of action. This branch embraces also a view of the circumstances 
under which each of these is called into activity or made to produce 
effects, either in enabling to attain knowledge or in impelling to ac- 
tion. This last portion of this branch opens the means of modifying 
or regulating the activity or exercise of all or any of these powers. 



9 

The Third branch of the subject embraces the useful application 
of the knowledge gained under the consideration of the two preced- 
ing branches ; that is, it teaches how, by means of the knowledge 
thus gained, we may make ourselves happier, and assist in making 
our fellow-creatures happier. 

Each of these topics will be very fully examined in the work be- 
fore mentioned. A very brief outline of each will alone be present- 
ed here. 

Brief outline of the first branch of Phrenology. 

It is absolutely necessary to the full understanding of this branch — 
and thus of Phrenology in general — that a good general idea should 
be possessed of the structure of the brain of man. This subject is 
very fully examined in the work referred to, and its direct bearing 
upon the present subject shown. It is impossible in this short space 
to convey any correct ideas on the subject. It shall therefore be 
passed over altogether. 

The fundamental principles (or general facts of nature) above no- 
ticed are — 

I. The brain is the organ of mind ; that is, it is the instrument 
without which no mental power can be exhibited in this life. 

II. This brain is not the whole of it engaged or actively exerted 
during each mental act — whether of understanding or of action, — 
but is composed of many parts, and each part is the separate organ 
or instrument by means of which a particular mental power exists 
and becomes active ; that is, the brain is an assemblage, or mass 
made up of, precisely the same number of distinct organs (distinct in 
the office performed, though not in actual structure, just as the foot is 
distinct from the leg, though the precise point of separation cannot 
be pointed out) as there are distinct mental powers. 

III. Upon the condition of the parts thus composing the brain — 
that is, upon their general and individual size, health, &c. — depends 
the degree in which the office of each will be performed ; that is, 
depends the degree in which the particular mental power of which 
each is the instrument, will be exhibited or called into activity. 

IV. The form of the exterior or outside of the head, enables lis 
to ascertain what is the form and size of the brain, and of each par- 
ticular portion of it contained within — while the health, &c. can 
be easily determined by other external indications. 

Each of these propositions is proved to be truth and an eternal fact 
of nature by several distinct classes of evidence. But since it would 
be impossible to mention here any of the facts contained within' any 



10 

of these classes, I must content myself with again referring to the 
work already mentioned, in which full details, on these as on all 
other points of the subject, will be found. 

Brief outline of the second branch of Phrenology. 

It having been proved under the preceding branch, that it is the of- 
fice of each distinct portion of the brain to produce the activity of some 
particular mental power, it falls under this branch to discover what 
are the distinct portions of the brain ; and also what is the function 
of, or office performed by, each. 

It is impossible here to detail the mode to be pursued for this pur- 
pose. It must suffice to state in this place the results of these re- 
searches. This it is indeed the principal object of these pages, by 
the assistance of the accompanying cast, to do. 

I proceed, therefore, to state to the reader the various mental facul- 
ties of each of the kinds mentioned before, which do exist in every 
human being (though in different proportionate degrees,) and also, by 
means of the cast, to show each distinct portion of the brain, whose 
separate and individual office it is to be the instrument of each separ- 
ate and individual mental power. The cast is marked as on the out- 
side of the skull, but the last proposition under the first division of this 
subject, explains that the shape of the outside of the skull or head 
will enable us to discover the shape of the brain contained within it. 

Classification of the faculties. 

Before proceeding to mention the faculties and their organs, indi- 
vidually, it will be well to notice an arrangement or classification of 
these faculties into groups, which I have made for the purpose of 
giving more clear and precise ideas of the uses and necessity of each 
faculty to the purposes of life. 

I must mention here that every classification or arrangement into 
groups, of any objects in nature, is a thing made by man for conve- 
nience merely. It is not a thing which nature has made. That 
classification or arrangement, therefore, which is most convenient, is 
the best, — and that which is made the most in accordance with 
nature's operations, must always be the most convenient. 

Now, though it will be quite impossible for me to enter here into 
any details as to the philosophical principles upon which my classifi- 
cation is strictly and rigidly founded — details which will be given 
at full length in my larger work — it is but right that I here devote a 
few lines to show how much more convenient my classification or 
arrangement is than that of any who has preceded me ; and likewise 



11 

to show that a totally different method of classification ought to be 
employed in reference to the mental faculties from any that can be 
employed with reference to any other objects in nature. 

The objects in nature which have no life, — such as earths, stones, 
and all minerals — and we may include here all trees, though these 
have a species of life, — are known to us chiefly by their physical 
existence and qualities only. In classifying or arranging these into 
groups, therefore, we must do this by comparison of their simple 
qualities. Knowing them only as they exist, — or, in the case of 
plants, as they exhibit certain parts and grow in certain modes, — we 
can only arrange together those which are most like in the most 
striking external or physical particulars. 

And so also in the case of the animals inferior to man. The chief 
attention of those who have studied these, has hitherto been directed 
rather to their differences in external appearance, &c, than to the 
shades of difference which appear in their modes of action. These 
latter are neither so numerous nor so striking as are the varieties of 
actions in man, while the marks of external difference in these crea- 
tures are very wide and strong. The classification of all of them, 
therefore, has been hitherto made, and in some measure * must al- 
ways be made, by comparison of these external points of resem- 
blance and difference. 

In all the objects thus noticed, the classification and arrangement, 
and therefore comparison of the objects, is made between the objects 
themselves and their inherent or intrinsic qualities. 

But in the faculties of mind, in the powers, whether of obtaining 
knowledge or of impelling to action, none of the observations thus 
made respecting other objects will hold good. We can never know the 
powers of mind intrinsically and in themselves — considered abstract- 
edly, or apart from their influence or effects. They can never be 
known, and therefore, of course, can never be distinguished by points 
of external or inherent resemblance or difference among themselves. 
Neither can they, by the same rule, be distinguished or classified 
according to their similitude or non-similitude, development or non- 
development, activity or non-activity, in man comparatively with 
the lower animals; — since, first, the statement of the non-existence 
of a thing in one place can never inform us what is the mode or 
character of its existence in another ; — and second, and most impor- 
tant, before we can compare their condition in man and in the lower 

* Gall justly anticipates the time when the diversities of cerebral confor- 
mation will enter as a most important element into Natural History. 



12 

animals, we must first clearly have classified and understood the con- 
ditions in which they exist in the lower animals themselves. 

Thus, then, it is clear that the classification or arrangement of the 
faculties in common use — that invented by Spurzheim — is most 
unphilosophical, and having no foundation in nature. 

The classification which I have arranged and adopted is founded 
strictly upon comparison of the results or effects of the existence of 
the objects classified. And inasmuch as we can only know the 
mental powers by their effects, it must be obvious, on a little consid- 
eration, that the observation of these effects can be the only philosophi- 
cal foundation for a correct classification. In each case the objects 
(faculties of mind,) must not simply be compared in their inherent 
qualities, but the necessary connection must be traced which exists 
between the simple existence of the faculties and the results or effects 
of that existence; — and the comparison made must be between 
those powers in which there is some resemblance in the 'purpose of 
this connection ; that is, in the general tendency of the result of 
whose existence there exists a manifest similitude. 

Thus much for the philosophical foundation of my system of 
classification. A few words shall be added as to its superior con- 
venience. 

Of this, experience is the best test. To the experience of each 
individual in learning the science and applying its principles to use, 
do I chiefly appeal. At the same time, a few remarks will render 
this convenience more obvious. 

The great utility of a classification or grouping of any set of facts 
in nature is, by thus conveying a knowledge of generals, or that 
which is common to several, distinctively from that which is com- 
mon to several others, to render more easy the gaining a knowl- 
edge of particulars, or that which is peculiar to each individual com- 
prised w T ithin each general division. It is obvious then, that, in 
order to be of any utility or convenience whatever, the distinctive 
quality or attribute of the general group must be one which can be 
clearly and definitely understood and applied in the consideration of 
each individual contained within it. 

Let us apply this test. Spurzheim divides one set of faculties 
into feelings common to man with lower animals, and feelings peculiar 
to man. It may simply be asked, does this convey any definite idea 
of what those general qualities are which are peculiar to one group 
rather than to the other ? Does it then assist in learning particulars ? 
Obviously not. There is no idea conveyed of the general effect of 
that which we can know only by its effect, Before this classification 



13 

can be of the slightest utility or convenience, we must first have a 
clear idea of that which is common to man and animals, and that 
which is peculiar to man. 

On the other hand, if I speak of one group as the social faculties, 
or that, the effect of whose united existence is to produce the domes- 
tic affections and corresponding actions ; and of another as the pro- 
tective group, or that, the effect of whose united existence is to pro- 
duce impulses and corresponding actions, such as shall ward off 
danger ; and of another, as the moral-directive group, or that, the 
effect of whose united existence is to produce impulses and corres- 
ponding actions, such as shall regulate and direct the influence of the 
lower impulses ; and of another, as the progressive group, or that, the 
effect of whose united existence is to produce impulses and corres- 
ponding actions, such as shall cause the individual and the race con- 
tinually to advance and progress in his or their condition; if I thus 
speak of the groups of powers, a definite and clear idea is inevitably 
gained of the general effect or object or character of a group, which 
will aid greatly in ascertaining the precise effect and character of 
each individual faculty or power within that group. 

By which means will the clearest ideas of a man's character be 
gained ; by stating of him, that he possesses the propensities com- 
mon to man and the lower animals, active ; the sentiments common 
to man and the lower animals, moderate ; and the sentiments pecu- 
liar to man, active; — or by stating of him that he possesses the 
social group, active, the protective group, moderate ; the moral 
directive group, moderate ; and the progressive group, active ? 

It thus appears, I think, beyond contradiction, that the system of 
classification here brought forward, is at once far more philosophical, 
more convenient, and more in accordance with nature than that now 
commonly in use. 

It must be remembered that no difference in the arrangement or 
classification of the facts of nature can make the slightest difference 
in the facts themselves. 

Means of distinguishing or ascertaining the individual faculties. 

As we cannot know the nature of any faculty abstractedly, it is 
impossible and useless to attempt to describe any faculty in itself, 
i. e. by its own inherent qualities. We can only know it, and should 
therefore only attempt to describe it, by the causes which bring it 
into action and the effects which result from its activity. Upon tin's 
principle, then, is my analysis of the individual faculties of each 
group founded. The power or function or influence of each faculty 



14 

in each group will be distinguished by the statement of the objects 
related to it, — that is, in the case of those powers which impel us to 
actions, the objects which are the cause of its being aroused to the 
production of an impulse in the mind whence action shall ensue or 
be induced, and the effects which must result from that activity when 
so induced : or, in the case of those powers which merely enable us to 
attain knowledge, since no actions result from their activity, by the 
statement of the objects which, being present, the only effect which 
these powers are capable of producing is exhibited in their obtaining 
cognizance of the object. Thus there will be two classes of objects 
related to each faculty of the former class. The one as the cause of 
its activity : the other as the effect of that activity. And these two 
classes of related objects I shall distinguish by the terms Exciting 
object and Satisfying object. I call the one the exciting object be- 
cause its presence is the cause of excitement, which leads to the pro- 
ducing of action : the other the satisfying object, because this is the 
effect which the excitement of the faculty tends to produce, and 
which, being produced, it is no longer active, but may be termed satis- 
fied ; it is merely passively excited, in the same way as the powers 
which obtain knowledge are excited by the presence of the single 
class of objects related to each. 

The knowledge of these two classes of objects is of the utmost 
importance, since it is only by correctly knowing the exact nature of 
the objects which are the cause of the activity or excitement of each 
faculty, that we can ever hope to be able to regulate the action of the 
faculties. 

I have endeavored, by long and close observation of the facts of 
nature, and by reflection upon these, to determine accurately the pre- 
cise character of objects of each class which stand related to each 
faculty.^ With respect to many of the faculties, it appears to me 
that I have succeeded. With respect to others, I have not succeeded 
so much to my own satisfaction. Perfection, in such a science as 
Phrenology, cannot be attained in a day or in a few years. 

The result of my investigations shall be stated, however, in re- 
spect to every faculty ; and future investigations may enable me more 
accurately to determine the exact related objects of those faculties on 
which the experience and investigation of past years has not yet 
satisfied my mind. 

* The doctrine of related objects has never before been stated, and of course, 
therefore, never before been followed out. It is the only key to the discovery 
of the primitive function of each faculty. 



15 

It must be observed that the exciting object will obviously be the 
exact opposite of the satisfying object ; since it is the immediate want 
and absence of the latter which impels to seek its attainment. In 
some cases therefore, the exciting object can only be stated as the ab- 
sence of the satisfying object; though there are by far the majority of 
cases in which a particular character of positive objects constitutes 
the exciting object, inasmuch as the presence 1 of objects of this par- 
ticular character necessarily implies the absence of objects of the 
character of the satisfying object. Thus the presence of a mean, 
base, or vile object necessarily implies the absence, in so much, of 
excellence and transcendent perfection. The latter then being the 
satisfying object of one faculty, the former must be the exciting 
object. 

It is this fact of there being, in relation to most of the faculties, 
positive objects of a particular character, whose very existence im- 
plies the absence of that which the faculty gives the impulse to attain, 
which renders the division of the objects related to the faculties into 
two classes — exciting and satisfying — valuable. It is most valua- 
ble, such being the fact, since, knowing the distinct character of the 
two classes of objects, we shall know what character of objects to 
cause to be present to any individual whom we wish to excite in any 
particular mode — whether to action or to mere passive emotion, the 
former resulting from the exciting object, the latter from the satisfy- 
ing object. 

It will be obvious, as before stated, that as one portion of the powers 
of mind merely enables us to receive knowledge of objects — as the 
powers conprised within it do not in any way produce actions — there 
do not stand any exciting objects in relation to them. Their only re- 
lated objects are satisfying objects. 

The philosophical foundation on which this important doctrine of 
related objects is founded, will be fully stated in my large work. The 
reader is respectfully requested, therefore, not hastily to imagine that 
he finds errors. It has been already stated that little more can be 
done here than to state the results of long and deep investigations. 

What is the simplest division of the human faculties. 

It has been already seen, that the powers of the human mind con- 
sist of two grand classes : (he first, comprising those powers by means 
of which we are enabled to attain a knowledge of the objects of na- 
ture ; the second, comprising those powers by which we are impelled 
to action. 

This distinction in the leading object or result of the existence of 



16 

the two classes, forms the basis of the simplest division of the human 
faculties. 

Each of these classes places man in relation to some external objects. 
The effect of the first class is to place objects of external nature with- 
in man's cognizance or knowledge ; — the effect of the latter is to 
induce actions from man, directed towards these external objects. 

By what terms can these two classes, whose effects are so different, 
be distinguished ? 

It appears to me, that no terms in common use suffice accurately 
to express the idea of the effect of the existence of either of these 
classes. I therefore employ two fresh terms, derived from words of 
the Latin, both of which have other derivative words in common use 
in our language. I term that class of faculties which impels to ac- 
tions, the Propellents ; and that class which gives us knowledge of 
objects, the Comprehensives =*. 

What are the simplest divisions of each of these tivo classes ? 

Each of these two classes is capable of being divided into distinct 
groups. Each of these groups comprises a number of faculties 
which combine, in the effects produced by them individually, to the 
attainment of some end in man's condition, which is absolutely ne- 
cessary for him, constituted as he is. 

It is impossible to enter into details respecting the determination of 
the precise faculties comprised within each group. These will be 
fully stated in my larger work, and to that the reader is respectfully 
referred. The results of the investigations which will there be ex- 
plained can alone be here expressed. 

Each group shall be taken in the order in which I have determined 
the necessity of its existence ; and its effect on man's constitution and 
its necessity shall be briefly considered. 

I. Propellent Powers. 

1. Preservative Group. 

In the depth of the most abject misery, the preservation of life itself 
— simple existence — is usually considered as most eagerly to be 
sought, though few or none of the blessings of existence are attaina- 
ble. Without existence it is obvious that none of the numerous 
blessings of existence could be enjoyed. It is necessary then, to man, 
as at present constituted, that he should be provided with a set of im- 

* The reasons for the application of these terms will be given at length in 
my larger work. 







j/rs.d*i.+M. 



17 

pulses whose immediate result is to induce the preservation of his own 
existence simply, and to adopt that means which is most essential to 
this end ; viz. the procurance of food. Accordingly, upon examina- 
tion of the material conditions under which different mental impulses 
are exhibited — as before explained — . we find certain faculties 
whose combined object or result is precisely that the necessity of 
which is thus indicated. I term them the Preservative Group. — 
The one of them which is alone visible during life will be seen col- 
ored yellow on the cast, and is situated immediately before the ear. 

2. Social Group. 

The provision for the continuance of the existence of individuals 
— by the implanting of instinctive impulses to this end within the 
mind — would be of little utility were no provision made for the 
continuation of the species by the implanting of a like instinctive 
impulse. As necessary is the existence of an impulse which shall 
prompt to the care and rearing of the offspring produced, and not 
less necessary — in order to the due effecting of each of these pur- 
poses, and also in order to the due development of the human powers 
in general, as man is at present constituted — are impulses prompting 
each to unite for life to some individual of the opposite sex ; others 
prompting the association of man in general with his fellow-man ; 
and others prompting each to an attachment to those scenes and cir- 
cumstances on which his father's or his own chief and most enduring 
and important efforts have been expended. We find accordingly, 
upon reference to the same means as indicated in the former case, "a 
number of faculties whose combined effect is thus to maintain and 
perpetuate social existence. I term these the Social Group. The 
group is colored black on the cast, and is situated at the posterior por- 
tion of the head. (See also Plate ii. 2 a and 2 b.) 

3. Protective Group. 

Man is placed in this world surrounded by scenes of constant dif- 
ficulty, obstacle, and danger, both from the external world, and from 
his fellow-man. Constant vigilance is required in order to the main- 
tenance of peace and happiness. There would be obviously then 
little adaptation of means to ends were no provision made for this. 
But nature is never imperfect in her work. She leaves no case of 
need unsupplied. Accordingly we find Propellent powers having the 
tendency thus shown to be so essential. These I term the Protective 
Group. They are colored red on the cast, and are situated imme- 
diately above and behind the ear. (See also Plate ii. 3 a and 3 b,) 
3 



18 

4. Dignitative Group. 

Placed in this world surrounded by fellow creatures, in whom are 
impulses implanted inducing to seek the immediate gratification of 
all desires ; man's condition would be miserable indeed were there 
no impulses existing within him which should induce the feeling of 
what is due to self, and corresponding actions to attain it, and others 
which should induce to the performance of all actions with an eye to 
the approbation of his fellow-men. These impulses, existing in all 
under due regulation, would necessarily prevent the predominance of 
selfishness and would secure to each his own rights. We find that 
such impulses do in fact exist. These I term the Dignitative Group. 
They are colored blue on the cast, and are situated immediately above 
the social group. (See also Plate ii. 4 a and 4 b.) 

5. Moral Directive Group* 

Wretched and full of unceasing misery and evil would man's con- 
dition indeed be, were no instinctive impulses implanted within him, 
having a higher and further reference than the immediate gratifica- 
tion of the impulses already noticed, and acting in a measure as reg- 
ulators of the actions prompted by these inferior impulses, both as 
regards his conduct in reference to himself simply, and as regards 
his conduct in reference to others. Such impulses are implanted in 
man's nature, and I term the group the Moral Directive Group. They 
are colored grey on the cast, and are situated on the upper surface of 
the head. (See also Plate ii. 5 a and 5 b.) 

6. Progressive Group. 

Man's condition is not as that of the beasts that perish. We do 
not find his mode of actions and habits of life now, the same as they 
were two thousand years ago. We find, on the contrary, a continual 
progression and advance in the whole of man's history, and nowhere 
more conspicuously than in our own day. A continual prospective 
impulse seems to be highly influential in all the deliberate actions of 
mankind. Accordingly we find a group of faculties whose office it 
is to implant these impulses of a prospective character and whose com- 

* This group ought more properly to be divided into two groups — the Re- 
gulative and the Alien-active ; — the one portion of the faculties contained with- 
in it having reference simply to actions relating to the individual : the other to 
actions relating to others. As much discussion would be necessary, and the 
result of many investigations to be shown, in order to prove these points, 1 
defer the whole topic till the appearance of my large work, and content myself 
with placing the whole under one group, and entering this caveat in a note 



19 

bined influence is to urge to the attainment of that which is not now- 
possessed. These I term the Progressive Group. They are colored 
green on the cast, and are situated on each side of the head towards 
the front. (See also Plate ii. 6 a and 6 b.) 

II. Comprehensive Powers. 

1. External Senses. 

It is obviously necessary that man, constituted as he is, should pos- 
sess some means of transmitting impressions from the objects of the 
external world to those internal organs (as proved to exist) of the 
powers of mind whose office is to obtain knowledge. These are the 
external senses, a group which does not of itself form any ideas in the 
mind, but is merely the instrument of communication between the 
external world and those portions of the brain which do form ideas. 

2. Simple Perceptives. 

Unless man possessed the means of obtaining a knowledge of the 
existence and simple necessary qualities inherent in all bodies, it 
would obviously be impossible for him ever to place himself in any 
relation to them in the way of actions. He does possess powers 
which bestow on him this knowledge, and these powers I term the 
Simple Perceptive Group. They are colored black on the cast, and 
are situated above and around the internal corner of the eye. 

3. Objecto-relatives. 

Man's power of action and of the direction of his impulses would 
be confined within very small and narrow limits did he possess no 
powers enabling him to comprehend those accidental relations in 
which — though none of them are inherent in the bodies themselves 
— all bodies and objects in nature are continually placed by the ne- 
cessity of active existence and of the various communications and con- 
nexions between different existences. Man possesses such powers, 
and I term them the Objecto-relative Group* They are colored 
green on the cast, and are situated above and around the organs of 
the preceeding group. 

4. Reflective Group. 

Man's conduct would be blind and inevitably leading continually to 

* The designation of this group is perhaps the least obviously intelligible of 
any I have given. It does not entirely please me, but it is the best which I can 
devise to express the exact functions of the group, which are to perceive the 
primitive relations of objects of the same class — as of the different primitive 
colors, &c. &c. 



20 

unexpected and unintended results, were no powers possessed by 
which the relations of objects, of which knowledge is gained by each 
of the preceding groups, might be clearly perceived and their neces- 
sary combinations and discombinations apprehended. Man possesses 
such powers, and I term them the Reflective Group* They are col- 
ored grey on the cast, and are situated immediately above the objec- 
to-relative group. 

5. Expressive Group, 

It has been seen that man possesses a social group of Propellent 
powers. But how could these be effectual, or the source of great en- 
joyment, unless some means were provided by which communication 
could be held, conveying notions from one to the other, of inten- 
tion, or desires, or pleasures, &c. &c. ? It is necessary then, to man, 
that he should possess powers enabling him to invent and compre- 
hend certain signs which, though without intrinsic meaning, shall be 
made use of to express all mental impressions. Man possesses such 
a power, and I term it — though only a single faculty — the Expressive 
Group. It is colored blue on the cast, and its situation can only be 
seen by reference to the situation of the eye behind which its instru- 
ment immediately lies. 

Can any person contemplate the admirable adaptation which is thus 
seen to exist between the necessities of man's condition and the pro- 
vision made to meet those necessities, — and not see vast evidence 
here exhibited of the power, wisdom, and goodness of the author of 
man's nature ? Still more pertinent will be the same observation 
when the individual faculties contained within each group are con- 
sidered. 

In order to illustrate the subject more clearly, a second plate has 
been added, exhibiting the predominance and deficiency of each dif- 
ferent group, by means of different national skidls, (each an average 
specimen of its class.) This plate refers to the Propellents only. 
Another, referring to the Comprehensives, would have been interest- 
ing, but would have increased the expense of this work too much. 
The skulls — drawn by scale from nature, and lithographed by the 
author, to insure correctness — are as follows ! t 

* Reflective from re and jlecto, to turn back, as turning back in the mind 
upon knowledge before possessed. 

f In each case a represents the large and b the small development of the 
group indicated by the prefixed number. 



21 

2 a, Negro — 2 b, Peruvian Indian ; 

3 a, North American Indian — 3 b, Hindoo ; 

4 a, Blackbird, (chief of the Attawas) — 4 b, Hindoo ; 

5 a, Ancient Greek, (from tombs in the Isle of Samos) — 5 b, Charib ; 

6 a, Caucasian — 6 b, Esquimaux. 

The reader is requested to observe that these are facts of nature. 
They are invariably accompanied in each case by another class of 
of facts, namely, certain particular and constant mental manifesta- 
tions. Is there no necessary connection between these two classes of 
facts ? 

What is the office performed by each faculty in each group, as con- 

tributive to the general result of the group ; and what 

are the related objects to each faculty. 

A view shall next be presented of the individual faculties contained 
within each group. In respect to each faculty the two classes of re- 
lated objects shall be stated, and also the mode in which each indi- 
vidual faculty contributes^ to the attainment of the general end of 
the whole group to which it belongs. 

It is to be observed that in speaking of the function of a group, and 
of the function of the individual faculties, the explanations here 
given refer only to their healthy activity within their legitimate 
spheres. Their disease, or excessive manifestation, or activity, is a 
most interesting and important topic, and will be fully considered in 
my large work. Space does not here permit of its consideration. 
The uses of man's powers, and not their abuses, it is the purpose of 
these pages to exhibit. 

Each faculty has two numbers prefixed to it. The first — between 
brackets thus ( ) — is the number commonly attached to the organ 
of the faculty in the most popular works on Phrenology. I prefer re- 
taining th^s numbering (as the number attached to a faculty respects 
in no way its function, and is merely a matter of convenience) to in- 
stituting a fresh one, as the latter method would only prevent facility 
of reference and introduce confusion, and there is no particular exhi- 
bition of originality in calling that 5 which another has called 3, &c. 
I add, however, a second number to each faculty, which indicates its 
number in the group to which it belongs. This will be found con- 
venient. 

# In respect to the Comprehensives, however, it is unnecessary to state under a 
separate head the contributive share thus borne by each faculty in each group. 
This share becomes perfectly obvious by the mere statement of the result of 
the existence of the group, and of the related objects of each faculty within it. 



22 

The numbers on the cast and plate correspond to the first of 
the numbers mentioned. The cast which I have prepared for the 
illustration of the subject, is that of an ancient Greek, from the 
tombs in the Isle of Samos. It presents a general good development 
of all the parts ; and it is much more useful to the student to study 
the organs on a skull than on a lust, as their exact location is thus 
much more definitely understood than when seen on an ideal bust. 
No one will have any difficulty in comparing the location on the 
skull with that on the living head. I have made a few alterations 
from the marking exhibited on the busts published by the Edinburgh 
Phrenological Society — the only busts marked with any degree of 
accuracy. I have done this, however, only from conviction of their 
importance. Thus Imitation and Admirativeness will be found with 
a somewhat different outline, (though their general position is the 
same.) The outline thus given is the shape first stated by Gall, 
and observation has convinced me of its correctness. Immediately 
in front of these lies a space with no mark. This, numerous obser- 
vations have convinced me, is the region of a distinct organ. What 
its functions are, I am not prepared to state. Several views have 
struck me ; but none will be stated until their correctness is estab- 
lished in my mind. It is better to pursue closely the examination of 
the primitive functions of organs of powers already discovered, (all 
of which much require it) than to aim at the discovery of fresh 
ones. At the sides of organ No. 2 another space is seen. This is 
the organ of Union for Life, first alluded to by Gall, and subse- 
quently by Vimont. 

I proceed now to the individual faculties, their related objects, &C* 

* It is obvious that it must be very difficult to find single words expressive, 
with sufficient exactness, of the ideas intended to be conveyed. I have en- 
deavored to do this as far as possible. The names of the faculties are many 
of them very erroneous. I preserve most of them in this work, however, ex- 
plaining their real functions. 



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24 

From the activity of the Propellents alone springs Will.* 
II. Comprehensive Powers.! 



GROUP. FACULTY. 


SATISFYING OBJECT — OR ATTRIBUTES OF OB- 
JECTS COGNIZED BY EACH FACULTY. 


1. External 

SENSES. 


Muscular sense. 
Touch. 
Taste. 
Smell. 

Sight. 
Hearing. 


Impressions of objects in external world con- 
veyed through these to cognizance of the inter- 
nal faculties. 


2. SIMPLE 
PERCEPTIVE. 


(22.) 1. Individuality. 
(23.) 2. Form. 
(24) 3. Size. 
(25.) 4. Weight. 


1. Simple abstract existence. 

2. Simple forms. 

3. Simple size, or magnitude. 

4. Simple gravity, weight, or resistance. 


3. OBJECTO- 
RELATIVE. 


(28.) 1. Number. 
(29.) 2. Order. 
(32.) 3. Tone. 
(31.) 4. Time. 
(26.) 5. Color. 
(27.) 6. Locality. 
(30.) 7. Eventuality. 


1. Relations of quantity. 

2. Relations of physical proportion. 

3. Relations of primitive sounds. 

4. Relations of parts of period. 

5. Relations of primitive colors. 

6. Relations of parts of space. 

7. Relations of active existence. 


4. REFLEC- 
TIVE .f 


(36.) 1. Similitude 
(35.) 2. Connexion. 
(20.) 3. Discombination. 


1. Combination of objects in which any point 
of similarity exists. 

2. Combination of objects between whose exist- 
ence a necessary connexion exists. 

3. Discombination of points (in objects other- 
wise similar or otherwise necessarily connect- 
ed) in which no similitude or connexion ex- 
ists,! 


5. EXPRESSIVE. 


(33.) 1. Language. 


1. Artificial signs expressive of results of ev- 
ery mode of mental activity. 



Laws of excitement and modes of activity of the mental powers. 

This is a topic which would require long discussion in order to 
embrace every point of interest and importance. A few general and 
most important principles can alone be stated here. They are stated 
as the result of close and very careful observation of the facts of 
nature. 

* The expression of a doctrine so opposite to that generally taught cannot 
be passed without a word of remark. I am aware of its opposition to these 
usual doctrines, both of Phrenologists and others. At the same time there is 
no point more capable of demonstration than the truth of my doctrine. Into 
this topic I shall fully enter in my large work. I therefore entreat the candid 
reader to withhold his assent or dissent until he shall have perused my rea- 
soning and investigations on this subject. I express my views in the text 
with some diffidence, on account of their difference from those generally en- 
tertained, and only because convinced of their truth and of their immense 
practical importance. 

f The names commonly applied to each faculty in this group are so exceed- 
ingly erroneous and misleading, that I have taken the liberty of changing 
the whole. My reasons will be .stated at full in my larger work. 

% That this is the true function of the faculty hitherto termed wit, long and 
deep investigation has convinced me. The truth of it will be very fully de- 
monstrated in my larger work. 






~* 



25 

I. Where the mental powers exist in a harmonious combination 
and healthy state, the Propellents are never excited to activity except 
through the medium of one or more previously excited Comprehen- 
sive. 

II. In the healthy state, the Comprehensives are never excited 
to activity except through the medium of some one or more objects of 
external nature.^ 

III. Each is capable of being internally excited by disease, or by 
a too .great portion of blood (nourishment) rushing to the instrument 
through which its functions are performed. In this case mania, in a 
greater or less degree, or spectral illusions result. 

IV. The most active Propellent (that which has the largest in- 
strument) is most easily excited through the medium of the Compre- 
hensives, and is most easily excited through the medium of that or 
those Comprehensives which exist most active, (of largest size.) 

V. Every action takes place through the immediate agency of 
some one or more of the Propellents ; and no Comprehensive can 
produce any action except as being the medium through which a 
Propellent is excited.t 

Brief outline of the third branch of Phrenology. 

This is a branch of the subject which it would require volumes ad- 
equately to discuss. But a few lines can be devoted to it in this 
place. t 

It has been the object throughout the whole of these pages to 
place the different topics in such a light that the importance of each, 
and the useful application of the knowledge of the principles com- 
prised within each, must inevitably force themselves upon the read- 
er's attention. This will serve to render fewer observations in this 
place necessary. 

The first principle of Phrenology is, that the brain is the organ 
of mind: the third is, that upon the size and condition — i.e. as 

* Memory itself never takes plaee except of objects previously cognized ; 
and it is invariably the result mediately of the activity of some other faculty 
which calls upon it, as it were, for its stores. It is never, therefore, purely in- 
voluntary. Each faculty of the Comprehensives possesses memory of the ob« 
jects it cognizes. There is no faculty of Memory. 

f The principles upon which the necessary truth of these propositions is found- 
ed, and may be demonstrated, are very important, and will be fully exam- 
ined in my large work. 

$ This branch of the subject will be examined at very full length in all its 
details in my larger work. 



26 

to health, temperament, fyc. — of this instrument or organ, depends 
the power of manifesting the functions of the mind. The first point 
of importance which must strike us, then, is — of how paramount 
importance is a due attention to the healthy performance of all the 
bodily functions to the healthy performance of any of the mental 
functions. 

This is a point practically too much lost sight of. The mind is 
treated as if apart from all connexion with body. Mind, however, 
can never be healthily and usefully engaged in any direction, when 
the health of the body — of which the brain is but a part — is not 
first secured. Let it be understood that mind is not body, but that it 
performs its functions through the medium of a bodily instrument ; 
like as sight is not the eye, but requires the eye for its apprehension 
by us. 

Physical education, then, is an object of the highest moment. In 
this the regulation of the temperament, or bodily constitution, is a 
most important point. The temperament, or constitution, consists 
in the> predominance in activity of one particular portion of the 
bodily system over another ; a predominance which, as it inclines in 
one way or the other, has the greatest influence over the mental pow- 
ers, making their general manifestation stronger or weaker. 

If the stomach and its connected organs are most exercised, and con- 
sequently most powerful, the nervous system will have little general 
vigor, and the mind be sluggish and inactive, although, wher* roused 
by a very extraordinary stimulus, it may exhibit great power. It will 
not be so habitually active as the stomach. When the lungs and 
their connected organs are most active, the blood will be healthy and 
vigorous, and great activity of the whole system be the result, but an 
activity which will be as much shared by all the other bodily organs 
as by the brain. Mental activity will not, therefore, be predominant. 
When, on the other hand, the nervous system — of which the brain 
forms the principal centre — is most exercised, and consequently most 
active,- its habitual activity will predominate over that of all the 
others. 

These facts are of the greatest utility to be generally understood, 
as upon attention to the diet, and mode and quantity of bodily and 
mental occupation, depends, in the chief degree, the temperament. 
Over these points, and consequently over the temperament, man 
holds the chief influence and control. 

Mental education is of two kinds — training and instruction. 
The former alone is the mode of education which can be applied to 
the Propellents. Both the former and the latter may be applied to 
the Comprekensives. 






27 

Training consists in increasing or decreasing, — by calling into 
activity or restraining in activity, — the tendency to habitual activity, 
or influence in producing actions, of any of the Propellents ; and, 
with respect to the comprehensives, in increasing or decreasing, by 
the same means, the habitual tendency to receive impressions from 
external objects or their relations. 

Instruction consists in the accumulation of knowledge ; in causing 
the Comprehensives to be so active that the idea of objects once pre- 
sented to them shall be easily recalled even when these objects them- 
selves are absent. This is called memory, and it is merely a higher 
degree of activity of these powers than is the act of first cognizance. 

The careful consideration of the laws of excitement already stated, 
and of the two classes of objects related to each of the Propellents, and 
of the one class related to each of the Comprehensives, will enable 
the reader to apply usefully the hints thus briefly thrown out. He 
will thus learn by the existence and presence of what objects each 
faculty is capable of being excited to activity, — and in what mode 
that activity will be exhibited ; — and his own conduct in reference to 
himself and to those by whom he is surrounded, and over whose edu- 
cation he holds any degree of influence, must be regulated accord- 
ingly. 

The contemplation of the whole subject of Phrenology, but especi- 
ally when we consider the means it places within our power for self- 
improvement, cannot fail to force upon the mind the strongest and 
most unalterable conviction of the infinite power, wisdom, and good- 
ness of that Great Being who has thus so curiously and wonder- 
fully formed the mind of man, endowed it with such numerous and 
different powers, each power precisely adapted to some want in 
man's condition ; and who finally has placed within the reach of 
man means of so wide extent for the attainment, by his own efforts, 
of the truest happiness and the most exalted virtue. 



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